SANDAL, J-U., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Rector and Owner, Fil. Dr. Jan-U. Sandal Institute, 31 Kløverveien, 1475 Finstadjordet, Norway

ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8072-0822
e-mail: jan-u.sandal@janusandal.no

Innovation – the Foundation of Entrepreneurship

Abstract. Introduction. The article deals with a number of research questions. The main questions are what are the roots and definitions of innovation and entrepreneurship, who is the entrepreneur, what role does gender play, what are the consequences of interest on productive loans, what is the meaning of innovation managements and do organizations create innovations.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is a scientific analyzes of the roots, definitions, and use of the phenomena described by the terms innovation and entrepreneurship.

Results. The research method is based on identifying a number of scientists dealing with the topics covering the research questions. The research period covers approximately 300 years. Even thou the modern use of the terms innovation and entrepreneurship might differ in the political and religious contexts of today, that disturbance has no influx on the deeper understanding and causes no diversions. Investing taxpayers’ money in entrepreneurship will only result in loss, because politicians and governments do not have access to innovation, which means that their engagement will be limited to the static production function.

Conclusions. The conclusion shows that the Franco-Austrian-Norwegian (FAN) scientific tradition of innovation and entrepreneurship based on Say, Schumpeter and Sandal is defining innovation, social innovation and entrepreneurship. In the historic, scientific analyzes, the entrepreneur is a male, not a female or any other gender. Furthermore, innovation is the foundation of all entrepreneurship.

Keywords: innovation, entrepreneur, gender, innovation management, organizations.

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